To what extent does the ending ensure a sense of closure to the film Essay Example

To what extent does the ending ensure a sense of closure to the film Essay Director Paul Haggis successful debut Crash (2005) tells the individual stories of a seemingly unrelated group of individuals in the story space of two days; it immediately begins with the result of a car crash, but the story stems from the shift back in time to the day before the incident. By doing this Crash skilfully and deliberately reaches beyond the conventions of narrative film, as it does not begin with a balanced equilibrium; it is this and numerous stylistic effects that makes for an increased sense of closure as each interweaving story is summed up individually yet also in the wider context of the film and the issues it presents.In this short period of time in fast paced Los Angeles and through the chance encounters of the characters- for example, when a racist police officer is forced to save the life of a white woman whom he had previously black mailed and violated out of racial discrimination- the films underlying morals and themes come to the fore. As the film takes th e audience slightly back in time, we engage with the almost parallel lives of the characters and their problems encountered out of bigotry and fear, and it is as these interweaving stories become connected that the pace of the film slows down and closure hinted at.Through plot- which is defined by Bordwell and Thompson as all the events that are directly presented to the viewer in a narrative film1- for example in its parallelisms and through stylistic effects, particularly in the closing five minutes which I will focus on, Crash successfully brings its narrative to a subdued close and reveals the underlying key themes. The ending is satisfying to the viewer in that individual stories are resolved- not necessarily within themselves but in the wider context of the film- thus ending with an emphatic moral note as opposed to a stable situation and happy ending.This closing five minute sequence offers insight into the lives of the characters once they have crashed into each other one wa y or another, as the camera watches over them individually at a distance. Through style- notably non-diegetic sound which plays throughout the whole sequence and ties together the various lives of the characters- the audience is presented movingly with each of the characters reflections in hindsight to their actions and their experiences. The audience is thus encouraged to identify with characters and understand the story and its underlying messages.The sequence begins with the story of Jean Cabot (Sandra Bullock): the audience sees her embracing her house-keeper as she says: do you know what? Youre the best friend Ive got. This marks her poignant revelation of her unfulfilled and unhappy life, which had been for so long masked by lavish lifestyle and her career-obsessed husband. Complete focus is on her character as a close up of her face in the centre of the frame begins the sequence; as the slow non-diegetic sound slowly builds up, the camera slowly tracks into her face, allowing for extreme close up. The combination of the reflecting music, the slow tracking of the camera and the intimate close up of her face gently reinforces her emotion and signifies, almost dramatically the turning-point in her life. As the close up focuses on her sad emotional state, the touching music (In the deep, by Kathleen York)- which happens to eventually cosmically relate all the intertwining stories- begins on the line thought you had all the answers. This serves again to emphasise her disillusionment with life, resulting in this emotive realisation, thus in many ways closure to her character. Mise-en-scene here is working as part of the plot as it signifies and mostly heightens the significant realization of this named character.After a relatively long take, the camera jump cuts to the story of another character and an establishing shot of Officer Tom Hansen (Ryan Phillipe) burning the car -where out of subconscious racial discrimination he fatally shot an innocent teenager ( Larenz Tate). We see him at a distance angrily throwing rubble onto the fire out of grief; the distance the camera allows for emphasises his helpless state at a significant time in the story, conveying the underlying consequences of his racial prejudice. Again by using an establishing shot here the audience now has a sense of time and space, as they have already been introduced to this storyline through plot.The jump shot might usually serve to create a disjointed or abrupt change in plot, yet through continuation of the same slow non-diegetic sound- which completely takes over synchronous sound- it almost seems to act as reflection, to sum up the story line rather than to expand on it. A balanced, almost symmetrical frame follows as the camera cuts to a medium close up of Officer Tom Hansen now in the middle of it. As the camera remains static however he walks slowly forward and to the right of the frame; this allows the balance to be disrupted, thus subtly emphasises his vulnerabi lity in the frame.2 This relates to his weakness in the story, as his position in the frame becomes vulnerable at a time in the story when his previous position of power and success has been substituted for a position of regret, reflection and shame. By showing his character in this way, the tone of the scene is extremely toned-down and as the story allows for the characters reflection, so the mood and mise-en-scene allows for audience reflection of racial prejudice.As the Officer walks forward in a few more frames of the shot, it is also noteworthy to point out the objective camera angle. By employing this camera angle the audience happens to look in as opposed to involving themselves in the action. This distances the audience somewhat and forces them to empathise with this character.Lighting works together to connote sadness; the predominant darkness and orange filter used suggests that all the light comes from the background fire, thus selectively lighting parts of the characters face and not much else. This slightly dappled light falling onto the characters face remains even throughout this shot and so slight changes in his harrowing expression of emotion are easily registered by the viewer; this again serves to emphasize his emotional state over actions or setting. And so the almost sombre tone of the scene is intensified. Through subdued lighting his emotional state is heightened to the audience who can now build an identification with him in his sadness. The plot merely shows the Officer walking away from the scene of the crime, yet through non-diegetic sound- connoting sadness and a poignant atmosphere- , through intimate close ups of his face and also through shallow depth of field created- by selectively focusing entirely on his face- the plot infers successfully his feeling of remorse and realisation.As the non-diegetic music and the calm paced shot length continues into the next sequence- as it were into other final accounts of the characters stori es- the audience is able to relate the characters, thus identify feeling of sadness and a sense of closure in all the accounts. After several shots of these various characters in their states of reflection in the closing five minutes of the plot the music begins to slow to a close; as it does this the audience sees Anthony (Ludacris) letting the Chinese immigrants go, after previously agreeing to sell them. This part in the plot signifies his revelation in looking beyond money for the greater cause. Yet, it is at this exact point of the music ending that we hear him say to one of the immigrants: dopey fucking Chinaman. Here- mainly through the combining of sound and plot- the films message and story is presented effectively; that moving at the speed of life even after having crashed into one another the issue of prejudice will always haunt in the world todaybla bla bla.In the closing sequence of the plot the audience is again encouraged to relate the different characters, thus bring ing messages of the film to the fore; it shows that our actions although they may seem insignificant, actually relate to the wider context and serve to affect others in undesirable ways. This is also possible through the rhythmic relationship of the shots in the sequence; although this sequence employs numerous jump shots to signify a change in sub-plot, through continuity editing and continuation of the non-diegetic sound, the viewer is not left disorientated, but instead is able to follow the interweaving plot. Through continuity editing- particularly continuation of asynchronous music and rhythmic relations of shot length in this sequence- the individual stories of the various characters come together and form the wider narrative of the film. By doing this the audience is able to understand the plot in its successful attempt to relate each individual to its wider context, and show the often subconscious effects of racism on society as a whole.As the sequence comes to an end and a s the individual stories of the characters are given room for contemplation and reflection by the characters and the viewer, the mood of the scene becomes much more upbeat; with jerky guitar riffs contrasting with the previous sombre piano sound. By doing this the viewer can at this point look beyond the emotional stories of the individual characters and think more closely about the messages presented in the film. It allows a less serious light to be shone onto the subject, but at the same time leaves it in our minds for contemplation, as the scene closes with a car crash resulting in one of the drivers saying what the hell is wrong with you people?As the various drivers are left on the road fighting with each other, the camera slowly pans out of the action, leaving a birds- eye shot angle looking down on it. This remarkable angle combined with lively yet reflective music- as it reads these little black clouds keep walking round me- humorously presents the audience with a finality t o the story, yet keeps the actual issues unresolved. It realistically produces closure to the plot and story, as it has successfully addressed various issues so that they are understood by the audience; yet it is presented as an ongoing problem- as the narrative goes full-circle- thus leaving the audience with room for reflection themselves.By looking at the closing five minutes of Crash, through style and plot the story and essential issues of post 9/11 America are presented unflinchingly to the audience. To reveal the wider issues in the story, Crash has effectively depicted the every day life of a diverse group of characters, who as it turns out have more in common with each other than they initially thought. By the interaction of mainly sound and editing with the plot, Paul Haggis story is told with force, allowing the audience to contemplate and reflect on various issues- namely racial prejudice in the world today- along with the narrative characters.

Journal About Working People Part2 Example

Journal About Working People Part2 Example Journal About Working People Part2 – Coursework Example Journal about Working People In the contemporary environment, working people encounter various problems. These challenges not only differ from firm to firm but also according to work category. According to research, following could be the potential issues, faced by working people.If you are new in the organization; there could be an issue of adjustment with culture and norms of the firm, initially. Then, it is probable that old employees might not listen to your ideas and you will make errors in the beginning which may put you in a difficult position. Moreover, time management can be a hurdle.You must be prepared for all types of co-workers as some of them might disagree with you all the time and your way of working might not be coherent with their working style. Furthermore, most of the organizations have people who will bully you, create trouble behind your back, destroy your work and never lose an opportunity to discourage you. You may encounter harassment and discrimination issue s from both management and co-workers; this mostly happens if you are a woman or a migrant.Work place ethics can sometimes be very challenging as it might ask to compromise your integrity and self-respect. The relationship with higher management and your immediate supervisor are also important, as if they are problematic, then it will be difficult to effectively perform your duties. However, quitting is not always a good option in this competitive job environment. You must take every step to resolve issues you are facing in an organization.Reference"Workplace Challenges."Â  iseekjobs. Minnesota State Colleges & Universities, n.d. Web. Available online: https://www.iseek.org/jobs/workplace-challenges.html

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace This is an example essay on character analysis of The Necklace: Guy de Maupassant narrative of The Necklace is chilly and has a cruel irony effect. The suffering set forth in the story seems to have been needless, due to the fact of misunderstanding and petty pride in Mr. and Mrs. Loisel. The craftsmanship of the story had been masterfully manipulated to where the revelation was held until the very end of the story. Characters in a story can be classified as â€Å"dynamic† or â€Å"static†. Dynamic characters are characters that change as the story progresses. That is, they recognize, change with, or adjust to circumstances. Static characters, which can also be described as â€Å"flat†, are characters that are not well developed and remain fairly unchanged throughout the story. Usually static characters have minor roles in a story (e.g. co-workers, friends, policeman, etc.). Mathilde Loisel, the main character in â€Å"The Necklace† seems to be a very dynamic character, although some of her moods appear to stay with her longer than others. Many of the things she had imagined often were not considered by other women of her social rank, such as worn-out chairs, curtains, and boiled beef for dinner, tortured and filled her with despair. (3) Feeling as though she had once deserved to marry better, but was unable to obtain a well to do husband she settled for a marriage with a minor clerk in the Ministry of Education. She is described as to have suffered ceaselessly, according to her daily description of her lifestyle. She would often ease her suffering of being in a drab house by visiting with her rich friend, Mrs. Forrestier. Mrs. Loisel had often dwelt upon her fantasies of a more elaborate life. Her desire to be of a higher status and to possess nice valuable trinkets seemed to poison her very nature. Mr. Loisel notice that his wife is not satisfied with her lifestyle. Seeing how she daydreams of living in luxury they cannot afford. He becomes excited as he carries an invitation to go too a formal dinner with the Ministry of Education. He had worked hard to get recognized for his efforts. Not too many clerks were invited to such an occasion. (6) Mrs. Loisel becomes upset because she has nothing elegant to wear for such an occasion. By forcing a few tears and sadly confronting her husband about her misfortunate state, she is able to convince him that she needs an expensive dress for a once in a lifetime event. Mrs. Loisel tells her husband she will need about 400 francs to purchase a dress worthy enough to get the attention of the other people at the dinner. The price was slightly more the he expected but gave her the money to purchase it from his next summer’s vacation fund. Continuing with the emotion of self-pity, she develops into a greedy individual. The dress is not en ough on its own, she will need an elaborate necklace to draw attention to herself. Mathilde is able to obtain a rather lovely necklace from Mrs. Forrestier who has large amount jewelry. The night of the party, Mrs. Loisel was prettier than anyone else, stylish, graceful, smiling, and wild with joy. (53) She enjoys the immense amount of attention she is receiving. Mrs. Loisel is so caught up in her own self-centeredness that she totally forgets about her husband. She cares for nothing, but the moment she is in. The party ends in the early morning hours and Mrs. Loisel wants to leave in a hurry. She wants the people she met at the party to remember her as was. She conceals her true identity because she is embarrassed for who she really is. In the midst of a returning home after a grand evening she notices she has lost a costly possession†¦the necklace!! Mr. and Mrs. Loisel look through her dress, shawl, pockets, and retraced all their steps from the party. (65) They worried and fretted about the lost necklace offering a reward for its return. They realize the inevitable situation they are in and have to replace the necklace. They went from jeweler to jeweler, searching for an indistinguishable replacement. (90) The replacement would cost 36,000 francs. Mr. Loisel had 18,000 francs left to him by his father. The other half would take three days to acquire from various loan companies and friends. Mrs. Loisel returns the necklace and does not tell Mrs. Forrestier that it’s not the same one that she borrowed. Mrs. Loisel now has to work, along with her husband working late hours. She takes a job as a servant, cleaning house, washing dishes, and other heavy housework. (99) She rents out a servant’s quarter and learns what its like to be among the working class. During this time she becomes somewhat practical. Now she has experienced what is really like to be the wife of a clerk. The debt would take 10 years to pay back. After the 10 years she finds Mrs. Forrestier walking with her child. She notices that she is youthful and attractive. Mrs. Forrestier hardly recognizes her and regards her as a lowly working class woman. (110) She tells Mrs. Forrestier that she has just finished paying off the necklace that she had borrowed for the dinner. Sadly, in the end after all she has put herself and her husband through, she finds out that it was really in vain. Mrs. Forrestier tells her if she had only told her years ago, she would have only paid about five hundred francs because it was only costume jewelry. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on The Necklace from our professional essay writing service.

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics - Research Paper Example Real domestic product however defines the value of a country’s total production in goods and services at constant base prices of the commodities. Such a basis may be each commodity’s price in a given year (Mankiw, 2011). Purchasing of groceries reduces amount of money among the purchasing households and increases amount of money held by businesses. It also increases government revenues through tax on the groceries. It however has no economic value on households and business because it involves exchange of similar values. The government however derives economic gain in the taxes (Mankiw, 2011). The layoff reduces households’ revenues because of its unemployment effect on members of households. It also adversely affects businesses through reduced revenues because of households’ lower spending power. Layoffs also affect the government through lost revenues in income tax. The government’s revenue is further reduced because lower purchasing power into reduced demand results in low revenues from value added tax (Mankiw, 2011). Decrease in tax has the effect of increasing households’ money reserves from both direct and indirect taxes. A decrease in direct tax results in higher income and a decrease in indirect taxes leads to lower commodity prices that allows for more savings by households. The effects of reduced tax on households also mean their increased purchasing power that suggests an increase in sales and revenues among businesses. The government however losses revenues that it would however earn at higher taxes (Mankiw, 2011). Purchasing groceries has no net economic flow between households and businesses because it is a mere exchange of equivalent values between the two parties. Money, however, flows from both businesses and households to the government in taxes (Mankiw, 2011). Lowering taxes identifies a virtual transfer of

Luma pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luma pros and cons - Essay Example She does both soccer coaching and individual counseling for diverse emotional issues they faced. That Luma is a Clarkston â€Å"outsider† may be true from the geographical or political considerations. But she succeeds in transcending the barrier of nationality, the stamp of immigrant on her personality, through the processes in which she moulds the personality of her players. The â€Å"outsider† factor had no impact between her status as coach and her team. Addressing to the boys whose attention on the game of soccer is diverted on account an air-plane show Warren St. John writes about her utterances, â€Å"YOU GUYS NEED to wake up!† a voice interrupted as the jets streaked in to distance. â€Å"Concentrate!† The voice belongs to Luma Mufleh, the thirty-one-year-old founder and volunteer coach of the Fugees.†(2) This indicates her amazing work ethic and vision. â€Å"Outsider† question may be burning topic for political discussions, but Luma has shown through the building process of her soccer team, how to strike the balance in the diverse perspectives related to immigration, local and global politics, identity and intergenerational issues, creativity, biculturalism and community building. Luma has demonstrated that the complex story of Clarkston and the struggle of Fugees soccer team is the story of America in the broader sense. She is a native of Jordan and her soccer team boys belong to families that flee to the United States from many war-torn areas across the globe and her soccer saga serves as the catalyst for their coming together and is the living example of concept of ‘the world is one family.’ She hails from an aristocratic family from Jordan. She comes to America for studies. Giving her backgrounder information the author writes, â€Å"Luma, I would learn, had no particular background in social or human-rights work. She was just a normal woman who wanted, her own way, to make the world a better

The Limits of Science Essay -- Philosophy Papers

Does science have any limits? Scientists say no. Philosophers are divided in their response. The humanities say that science is not "humanitarian," and thus not metaphysically deep. In response, scientists and some philosophers contend that science is the best knowledge we have about the world. I argue that science is limited by its form. Science has no object that derives from the human form. Everything that is incomparable to the dimension of the human body is reducible to notions that are commensurable to that body. This phenomenologically clarifies some of the most important discoveries in contemporary science. The Special Theory of Relativity shows the dependence of space and time on the accounting system. Quantum mechanics displays the limits of observation (Heisenberg) and logical indefiniteness by compelling the creation of a macropresentation of micro-objects and gets around logic (Feyerabend) through the principle of additionality. Experimental science has come out as an ar tificial projection of human expansion, not as a reflection of the transcendent order of the world itself. "The life world" successfully takes the place of "the objective world" of modern rationality. Does Empirical Science have any limits? This question is not so interesting for the contemporary philosophy of Science. Not like the questions of reality, objectivity, rationality. I believe, that these questions could be elucidated by answering the question of limitness, or, of form of Science. Does Empirical Science have any limits? The answer of the scientists is No: Science is unlimited. There are no scientifically unresolvable questions, they have sense. The answer of the philosophers is not clear, but it is close to No. It is shown not only i... ...rld. And now, at the issue of this study, occurs a question: Does the pre-scientific grasping of the world through logic, space and time really need the "reinforcement" which the experimental science proposes? Notes (1) Gherdjikov, S. Limits of Science. Sofia, Extreme Press, 1995. (2) See Heelan, P. Space-perception and the Philosophy of Science. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, University of California Press, 1983. (3) See McTagart, J. The Nature of Existence. Northampton, J. Dickens & Co., 1968. Paragraphs 303-351. (4) Hempel, K., Oppenheim, P. Studies in the Logic of Explanation. N. Y., 1970. (5) Gerdjikov, S. A Matrix Model of Scientific Explanation.-International Congress "Logic and Methodology of Science." Proceedings. Moscow, 1987. Vol. 6, p. 367- 368. (6) Popper, K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson of London. London, 1959.

Policing: Police and Stakeholder Groups

Community policing is a method of enforcing the law and philosophy based on the perception that collaboration and support of the society and police can help reduce crime, the fear of crime and to alleviate the social problems that lead to crime and. The members of the community help to identify suspects, to restrain offenders, report crimes to police and to address the social problems that lead to increase in the crime rates in the first place.Community policing advocates for organizational strategies that incorporate community-police partnerships and problem-solving methods, which seek to deal with the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as social disorder fear of crime and crime itself. There are three gears of community policing; collaboration with the community, resolving the problem affecting the community and transformation of the police organization (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994). Other attributes of community policing are partnership, personaliz ed approach, permanent, proactive, patrols and problem solving.Community partnerships refer to the collaboration between the police and the members of the community they serve. These include individuals, private businesses, organizations, community groups, media, and other government agencies. It involves bringing together the law enforcers and various stakeholder groups together so that they develop solutions to the problems and build trust in the police. These partnerships give the stakeholder groups an opportunity to input their ideas and views into the police process; this is done as part of community support and participation.Organizational Transformation involves the restructuring of the structure, information systems, personnel, and management practices to take in the community partnerships and problem solving. It seeks to reinvent the police departments, transform their leadership organizational culture, relationship with other stakeholder groups and agencies, service delive ry, and improve the public perception of the police. The transformation seeks to move away from the traditional view of police to a better force.An example is the shift from the traditional view that the police are the principal government agency that enforces the law to the community policing view that police are community members and all the stakeholder groups are the police; the police officers are just employed to dedicate their full time to the duties of every community member (Palmiotto, 2000). Problem solving involves the engagement of the law enforcers and stakeholder groups in analyzing and identifying the problems and then developing appropriate effective responses.Trojanowicz et al. (1998) explains the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model of problem solving which is applied in community policing projects. Scanning: identifying the problems based on priorities. Analysis: entails finding out the known facts about the problem. Response: entails coming up with solutions, which will permanently reduce incidences and extent of problems. Assessment: determining whether the problems have changed, and establishing the outcome of the responses.Police subculture refers to a situation where the police officers, instead of adhering to the set professional code of conduct, they come up with their own individual code of ethics. They put loyalty to their fellow colleagues first at the expense of protecting and serving the community. Palmiotto (2000) describes it as â€Å"the blue curtain† and some of its characteristics are cynicism, isolation from others, tribal/racist and ethnic. This clannish mindset results from three factors. First, police officers are the only real crime fighters and are easily identified because of uniforms, badges and guns.Secondly, they have a similar way of life; only police can understand police. They face the same challenges, risks, dangers, and rewards which the public do not have an idea. Lastly, that they are targets of criminals and perceive that various stakeholder groups such as concerned individuals, politicians and bureaucrats do not support them. It is true racist notions of certain communities dominate that police subculture. After the 1970s' police reforms, there has been a gradual rise in minority officers. By mid 1990s, African American officers composed most of the force in Detroit, Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta.However, in states like Miami, Hispanic and African American officers comprised 48 percent and 17 percent respectively (Walker, 1999). Supporters of these transformational efforts recommended that minority officers had less likelihood of using force against minority suspects, and were less likely to be biased against them. Further, they suggested that minority officers would have an improved connection with minority citizens. Indeed, studies have proven that there exists major difference in the attitudes of white officers and minority citizens, though only a smal l number of differences in actual behavior and performance have been reported.Such other noteworthy differences are also seen in the attitudes of minority and white officers toward community policing policies. For instance, a research on police officers working in minority districts in New York City shows that minority officers had positive attitudes about the districts and citizens in the districts they worked. Compared to their white counterparts, it was found out that minority officers adopted a positive attitude towards the community policing initiatives and the society, (Walker, 1999). Besides the race discrimination, there also is the gender bias.With the steady rise in the number of female officers, there have been many theories advanced concerning the attitudes and conduct of males compared to female officers. Those supporting the recruitment of more female officers argued that females would conduct themselves better verbally when handling difficult circumstances, and would be less aggressive. Those against the hiring of female officers put forward the fact that female officers were poor in handling aggressive situations, and faced greater risk resulting in the rise, in officer safety problem.Additionally, they disputed the capabilities of female officers arguing that they would be more like social workers than law enforcers would. Studies have indicated that there are no major variations in attitudes, performance, and on-job-conduct between male and female officers; however, there is a subculture, which underscores the existence of gender discrimination (Palmiotto, 2000). These notions have eventually evolved to police subcultures, which are widely practiced by the police officers.These notions become practices because officers believe that they have the freedom and the right to act or make a judgment based on their own independent choice and thought. The police work usually draws individuals who are naturally dictatorial and guarded; new recruits int o the police force are socialized in the environment full of the subcultures leads to the development and adoption of these traits. Cynicism starts in the military-type police training colleges and gradually rises with years of service; lack of job satisfaction and promotions usually precipitates it (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994).Some of these widespread subcultures are intimidation, offensive language, harassment, and unnecessary or excessive use of force. Others are the codes of silence and the â€Å"cop code† (Lawrence, 2010). In the codes of silence, the officer covers evidence, assaults a suspect, or breaks a law to implement another; other officers either overlook or abet contravention of their professional code of ethics. A famed incident of law transgression by the police officers is Rampart scandal in which many of Los Angeles Police Department officers engaged in wanton shootings, assault, faking evidence and drug trafficking (Lawrence, 2010).The cop code comes in when the society feels that the police officers do not follow their code of conduct; it cultivates a sense of mistrust and contempt of the police department. In minority areas, the public starts to view the police as a face for ethnic discrimination. Because of this, the community loses trust in police and refuses to in help them solve crimes and may sometimes culminate in riots. To overcome these embedded notions, a lot needs to be done. Some measures that can be used include controlling the day-to-day police work, raising the education standards for recruits, and improving training.It is widely argued that officers with higher education levels are better equipped to deal with the demanding duties of police officer, their conduct is better, are more likely to use alternatives to arrest, and more restrained in using force against suspects. This is clearly demonstrated in female and minority officers, where it has been proven that officers with higher education have a better view co mmunity policing and more positive attitude towards the citizens (Trojanowicz et al. 1998). Necessary reforms should be instituted and an independent, internal affairs monitoring system be put in place.Watchdogs and community organizations can help make sure that the police force is free of misconduct and corruption. The professional code of conduct and ethics for police officers should be designed in such a way that it incorporates the universal principles of policing. According to Walker (1999), the code should incorporate three important aspects; it should ensure equal protection for all in spite of race, gender, identity, or social status of the lawbreaker. The rule of law must apply to everyone including the law enforcers, and the police must be of high moral conduct greater than that of many members of the public.It should have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power and illegitimate use their power for personal gain. There should be clear guidelines on the use of force; policies should limit the use of excessive force on unarmed or non-dangerous criminals. There should be improved supervision and necessary disciplinary measures taken for the officers who contravene the professional code of conduct. In addition, psychological screenings and intensive screening of the backgrounds of potential police officers should be done to avoid officers with antisocial personalities (Walker, 1999).Community policing involves the police-stakeholder groups partnerships to identify and solve the crimes and social disorders that affect the community through delivering police services and problem-solving tactics. It seeks to alleviate the fear of crime and ensure security and prosperity of the community. In implementing a community-policing program, the first step should be identifying and prioritizing the problems facing the community. The police subcultures play an important role as they can help to identify the possible drawbacks and causes of these problems.The m istrust in the police and few rogue individuals among the officers could be the cause and working on them could reverse the social problems facing the community. The police subcultures also help to understand the challenges to community policing, to identify whether the actual policing is taking place and to determine the future trends of community policing. The existence of a subculture shows that officers have several attitudes, values, and beliefs that are common to them. These practices, attitude, values, and beliefs are passed from officer to officer via the process of socialization.These subcultures can aid in implementing community policing in that if the staffing, instruction, and on-the-street experiences of new recruits that socialize them into the police subculture are positive, the whole police force gradually becomes transformed positively. They can help to build a positive image of the police force. By creating, the trust of community members in the police, they will l ead to new collaborations in the betterment of the community welfare, and community policing as a whole.